SCHOOL BUILDINGS 



PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS 
AND SUGGESTIONS FOR 



SCHOOL BUILDINGS 



FOR 



RURAL AND VILLAGE DISTRICTS 



Compiled and Published by 

HOWARD A. CASS, 

State Supt. Public Schools. 




THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY, 
JEFFEKSON CITT, MO. 



\ iUa^o- 



SCHOOL BUILDINGS 



PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS 
AND SUGGESTIONS FOR 



SCHOOL BUILD INGS 



FOR 



RURAL AND VILLAGE DISTRICTS 



Compiled and Published by 

HOWARD A. GASS. 

State Supt. Public Schools. 




THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY, 

JEFFERSON CITT, MO. 



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^ FOREWORD, 



The frequent calls for plans and specifications for modern 
school houses compel the belief that some suggestions from this 
departm.ent with a few good plans for school houses at reasonable 
cost will be welcomed by many teachers and school boards of the 
State. 

To this end the State Superintendent has secured some plans 
and specifications, not all of them new, but all good, which are sub- 
mitted, with comments on sites, grounds, etc. No claim of origi- 
nality is made. Others have thought and are thinking upon these 
subjects. Others have written and will continue to write in a help- 
ful way. Doubtless better plans will be offered in the future. If so, 
we shall be glad to adopt them. Grateful acknowledgment is made 
to Messrs. Miller and Opel, architects, Jefferson City, and to J. H. 
Felt, architect, Kansas City. These gentlemen have given their 
services, without compensation, in the hope that the school chil- 
dren may be housed in buildings that are properly heated, lighted 
and ventilated. 

By permission the plans and specifications of the ''Model Rural 
School House," prepared by the Missouri State Commission for the 
St. Louis Exposition, 1904, is used, as is also some plans used in an- 
nual reports by former State Superintendents Carrington and Kirk. 
Thanks are extended to these gentlemen, and also to Supt. G. V. 
Buchanan, of Sedalia, for helpful suggestions. 

All the plans given are in accordance with modern principles 
of ventilation, light, heating and sanitation. 

If the contents of this bulletin lead to making our school houses 
and grounds more homelike, more healthful and more attractive, it 
will fulfill its mission in helping to develop a higher citizenship. 

Howard A. Gass, 

State Supt. Pub. Schools. 



DUTIES OF THE BOARD. 

The school board is the agent for the district. It is the 
duty of the board to act for the district in all business affairs. 
The board must secure a clear title to the site, and have the 
deed recorded. The board must issue bonds when same have 
been voted, sell them to best advantage, let contract for building, 
and see that all contracts are strictly complied with, and that all 
moneys belonging to the district are economically expended. Con- 
tracts should never be let to members of the board. Such action 
lays the board open to criticism, and often results in trouble. The 
board as the building committee cannot legally let the contract to 
one of its own members, and should never attempt to do so. 

The board has the care and keeping of the school house and 
must keep it in good condition and repair, provide fuel and other 
material necessary for the use of the school and have the fires made 
and floors swept at the expense of the district. It is not the duty 
of the teacher to do janitor work; nor has the teacher power to 
employ a janitor. The board must employ the janitor, and pay 
him from the incidental fund. The teacher can not be required 
to do the janitor work, and the board should not seek to make such 
contract. No teacher who must take care of the school room, can 
render the best service to the pupils. 

The most important duty of the board is the employment of 
a good teacher, and the second most important is to give the teacher 
loyal support. The board should not wait for the teacher to apply 
but should find and employ the best teacher the funds of the district 
will afford. A good teacher is cheap at the highest price and a poor 
one is dear at the lowest price. Get the best that money will com- 
mand. 

THE SCHOOL SITE. 

The site should be not less than one acre, preferably two acres, 
in size; it should be as near the center of the district as possible, 
on or near a public highway. If possible, the site should be high 
and rolling to give natural drainage, thus avoiding mud and stand- ' 
ing water in rainy seasons. It should be fenced and planted with 
shade trees, leaving ample space for school gardens, play grounds, 
etc. The school should be the educational and social center of every 
district. It is often the religious center as well. It should be made 
as homelike and attractive as possible. Here the children begin 
their education. Here most of them finish. Early impressions are 



most lasting. Memories of school days should be a constant delight. 
There should be nothing lacking in the physical conditions that will 
add to the comfort and convenience of the children. 

HEATING. 

The best and most modern plan of heating is by furnace, and 
most of the plans herein provide that manner of heating. If heat- 
ing is by stove, as is usual in the country, it should be placed in 
one corner of the room near the outside door. Thus placed, it v^^ill 
maintain a more uniform heat and be less in the w^ay. The stove 
should be sufficiently large to furnish ample heat without constant 
firing. It should be surrounded by a sheet iron jacket. The 
jacket prevents direct radiation of heat, causes the air to circulate 
freely, and thus produces an even temperature in all parts of the 
room. There should be one or more thermometers in the room and 
the temperature should be kept between 68 and 70 degrees. 

LIGHTING. 

All modern school buildings are so constructed as to admit the 
light from the left and rear — never from the right or front. If 
light is admitted from the rear, it should be from near the ceiling. 
If the house has windows on both sides, those on the right should 
be closed by shutters or heavy shades. By the use of shades the 
light in old style school houses can be so regulated as not to be 
hurtful to the eyes. The room should be light and airy, but there 
should never be a glare of sunlight nor an unpleasant crossing of 
lights. 

VENTILATION. 

The plans in this bulletin provide for gravity ventilation, the 
best inexpensive modern method of keeping the air in the school- 
room pure and fresh. As most school houses do not have the 
modern system of ventilation, a cheaper method must be devised. 
A board four to six inches wide extending the full width of the 
window placed under each lower sash will afford ample and con- 
venient means of ventilation. At recess and noon time the doors 
and windows should be thrown open for a few minutes. This will 
provide a complete change of air. Another inexpensive form of 
ventilation is the arrangement of a cold air shaft ten or twelve 
inches square, extending from the outer edge of the building to a 
point directly under the stove. Here a hole should be cut, the 



shaft fitted in carefully. The end of the shaft should extend above 
the floor six or eight inches, and be covered with fine wire screen 
or perforated sheet iron. Both ends of the shaft should be fitted 
with sliding valves to properly regulate the admission of fresh air. 
This fresh air coming in under the stove will pass up between the 
stove and the sheet iron jacket and will be warmed before it is 
distributed over the room. There should be a wooden, tin, or sheet 
iron shaft placed by the flue, extending from the floor to the top 
of the flue. At the base of this shaft there should be an opening as 
large as the shaft, covered with coarse wire netting. There will be 
suflficient draft through this shaft to carry off all the foul air. 

WATER SUPPLY. 

It is very essential that the water supply for drinking purposes 
should be of the very best. Cisterns should be so located that the 
surface water cannot run into them. Too great care cannot be 
taken to secure pure, fresh drinking water. Sickness and even 
death may be prevented by exercising care in this regard. Cistern 
water becomes stagnant during vacation. Before school opens this 
water should be tested. If it is merely stagnant, it should be 
thoroughly stirred up so as to absorb the atmosphere. If the water 
is polluted, it should be drawn out, the cistern thoroughly washed 
and a fresh supply of pure water hauled and put in. Permanganate 
of potassium destroys organic matter, precipitating as manganate 
of potassium in the bottom of the cistern. One ounce is sufficient 
for the average-sized cistern. This prescription is cheap, effective - 
and absolutely harmless. A few cents worth will be sufficient to 
make the water sweet and pure. A few days before school opens 
a member of the board should purchase an ounce of permanganate 
of potassium, put it in the cistern and stir the water thoroughly 
with a pole, or pump out and pour back several times. This will 
make the water quite wholesome and ready for use. This precau- 
tion should not be neglected. 

THE SCHOOLHOUSE. 

The first requisite for a good school is a strong, sensible, pure- 
minded teacher. Charts, a dictionary, a well-chosen library, and 
equipment for science are also essential. But there can be no 
assured permanency of a good school without a substantial, con- 
venient and comfortable schoolhouse. The moral influence of a 
school is largely determined by the physical condition of the premi- 



ses. Whether well kept or ill kept, the. schoolhouse and grounds 
make their mark on the children. The situation of the schoolhouse 
too often renders cleanliness and decency within it and about it 
impossible. Where the aspect of the school grounds is forbidding, 
there is little wonder that the children go reluctantly to school and 
run away as soon as they can. It seems strange that school play- 
grounds should ever be allowed to look like a feed lot. But some 
of them present an appearance equally uninviting. In this respect 
all the States of the Union are much alike. Missouri, however, with 
her exceptional facilities for securing building material, pure 
water, grasses and trees, ought, without doubt, to lead all other 
States in the appearance and healthfulness of her school premises. 
In order to contribute as much as possible to the attainment of this 
enviable position among the States, there are certain requisites 
which no school board should ever overlook. Some of these requi- 
sites are as follows : 

1. The schoolhouse site should be a high and healthful place. 

2. Drinking water should be of undoubted purity. 

3. Part of every school ground should be sodded with blue 
grass. 

4. Every school ground should have some shade trees. 

5. The outhouses should always be kept clean and decent. 

NOTE. — The typical school outhouse has a very bad influence. It is commonly a speci- 
men of physical filth and a source of moral poison . It is even more potent for evil than 
the deadly cigarette, because it infects like a pestilence great numbers of good children 
who otherwise could avoid impure Ideals. Every school outhouse should be first coated 
inside and outside with paint containing coarse sand. Then a bucket of whitewash and a 
brush should be kept at hand so as to cover up promptly the vile language which the evil 
minded delight to display in such places. 

6. A close board fence seven feet high should separate the 
boys' playground from that for the girls, at the rear of schoolhouse. 

7. Fences should be kept in good repair. 

8. There should be a board or gravel walk from the front 
gate to the schoolhouse door. 

9. There should be some kind of walk from the schoolhouse 
door to each outhouse. 

10. There should be a wood shed or coal house in which to 
keep kindlings and some dry fuel. 







One J^OOM ^CMOOL//0Lr5^ 



FIGURE 1. 




'•^ <^sf--* A PrACTIC/^I AJ^D ECONOMI CAL 



Ojse J^oom School Mouse 
For a Rural School 



FIGURE 2. 



10 



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^Fou/vDATioN Plan 



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ftf 




Floor Plan 



O tN K Jt^. C 



V) w) 



A Practical And Eco^^oM/c/iL 
O//^ Room School Hou3e 
For, APr t7:>^^j^ School 



FIGURES 3 and 4. 



11 







:is. 



FIGURE 5. 



The five preceding figures, taken together, represent a school 
house of one room and hallway or vestibule, outside measurements 
24 to 26 feet by 36 feet. Figure 5 is to show relative positions of 
stove, bookcases, flue and stove pipe and the direction of air cur- 
rents which furnish heat and ventilation. The cost of such house 
will depend upon the foundation, the kind of material used, the 
finish, and, to to some extent, upon the locality. It will range from 
$600 to $750. 

EXPLANATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

1. The stove occupies a corner and is surrounded by a sheet 
iron jacket. The brick fine is double, having one chamber about 
8 by 12 inches for smoke, and one about 12 by 20 inches for venti- 
lation. The stovepipe enters the flue at the side just over one of 
the bookcases. No one suffers on account of heat radiated from the 
stove or pipe. 

2. Fresh air is admitted under the stove by a duct from the 
outside ; it comes up under the stove, hut inside the sheet iron jacket. 
The air in contact with the stove is warmed and rises. This draws 
in the cold, pure air from the outside through the duct. The air 
when Warmed goes almost directly to the ceiling, descends into 



12 

other parts of the room, escapes from the room through eight little 
floor registers (indicated by the arrows), passes along under the 
floor to the opening into the ventilating chamber, rises through the 
ventilating chamber and escapes side by side with the smoke at the 
top of the double flue. 

3. The temperature is gauged by a thermometer, which should 
be in plain view. 

4. Four rows of seats occupy the middle of the room — only 
seats of the same size in a row. The teacher's table and chair are 
in a corner in front of the row of largest seats. 

5. A table for primary classes is located in the front part of 
the room. 

6. Bookcases fill up the corners at the rear of the room; a table 
for the dictionary and other large books is at the rear of the room. 

7. The stronger light is admitted from the left side through 
four large windows. The weaker light is admitted from the rear 
through two windows. The windows in the rear may be smaller 
and higher than those on the side. Windows should have good 
rolling curtains. _,,, 

8. There is an abundance of space in the front part of the 
room for the blackboard. 

9. There are separate cloak rooms for boys and girls.,, 

10. There is a storage room in which kindlings and wood (or 
coal), enough to last two or three weeks in stormy weather, may be 
stored. 

11. The common hallway offers opportunity for the removal 
of wraps and for passing in and out without using the private cloak 
rooms. 

12. The porch, is of great value and adds much to both ap- 
pearance and utility of the building. 

Figure 6 represents a condition frequently found in rural and 
village school districts where the people spend their money freely 
enough, but without regard to convenience, comfort or health; 
where the accepted doctrine seems to be that four walls, a roof, a 
floor, several uncurtained windows and a door constitute a school- 
room regardless of the order of arrangement ; where a few patent 
seats, a big naked stove and 30 feet of pipe are thought to be suffi- 
cient equipment, and these without regard to relative positions. 
Talk about discipline in such a school. Look at the conditions : 

1. The seating arrangement is needlessly broken into by the 
stove. 



13 




5 = Stove. 

V/=wmDOW. 

C= CHIMNEY. 

B= BENCH. 

D=DE5K5. 

d=DOOR 

T= TEACHER'S TABLE. 



W6 W5 

5fZE24'-0"X36'-0" 

AniiQUATED Specimen of 
One-room 5CH00L House. 



FIGURE 6. 




s-=Stove. 

W==WIMD0W. 
C =CH1MNEY. 
D -DESK, 
d ^DOOR. 

TT '^'TeACHERIS TABLE. 
BC'BOOKCASE. 



The Antiquated 5pecin\en 

TRANSFORfAED. 
AT 

Small Expense. 



PT «PRl/v\ARY PUPIL'S TABLE. 

WB's WATER Bucket's. 
Wbb=*.WOOD BOXES./ 



FIGURE 7. 



14 

2. Pupils near the stove suffer intensely; their heads and 
faces are overheated. 

3. Those near the walls suffer too ; their feet are cold much of 
the time. 

4. The teacher is continually distressed by the heat of the 
stove pipe, 

5. The blackboard occupies the left side of the room while the 
windows are on the right — a common fault even in town and village 
schools. Light should come from the left and rear. 

6. The woodbox, an unsightly catch-all, should occupy a less 
conspicuous place. 

7. No dictionary, book-case, maps or pictures are in sight. 

8. The teacher's attention is frequently distracted by the un- 
favorable conditions, the children become dilatory, mischievous; 
study is extremely difficult; discipline, impossible. 

Figure 7. 

Now contrast figure 7 with figure 6. One school room costs 
about as much money as the other. One favors order, the other dis- 
order. One contributes to comfort, the other to discomfort. One 
promotes health, the other breeds disease. One encourages study 
and good behavior, the other idleness and disorder. In figure 7 note 
the position of the children, the teacher, the stove, the pipe, the 
book-cases, the tables, the seats. Now look for the same things in 
figure 6. 

HOW TO TRANSFORM THE ANTIQUATED, UNHYGIENIC, UNCOMFORTA- 
BLE, INCONVENIENT SCHOOLHOUSE INTO ONE THAT IS HEALTH- 
FUL, COMFORTABLE AND CONVENIENT. 

1. From figure 6 remove platform. 

2. On dotted line H. K. build a partition. 

3. Remove chimney to place shown in figure 7. 

4. Remove stove to corner shown in figure 7. 

5. Enclose stove in sheet-iron jacket as in figure 7. 

6. Provide for ventilation. 

7. Remove windows 5, 6 and 7 from positions shown in figure 
6 to positions shown in figure 7. 

8. Repair and complete blackboard. 

9. Rearrange seats as shown in figure 7. 

This work may cost $100; but think of the results. 
Keep these two pictures in mind : 



15 



Fig. 6. Badly arranged schoolhouse. Results : Colds, head- 
aches, catarrh, ear trouble, eye trouble, lung trouble and other 
bodily ailments, accompanied by "arrested me^ital development." 

Fig. 7. Hygienic and convenient schoolhouse. Results: 
Greater comfort, better health, purer blood, better physical frame, 
more of bodily and mental vigor, better work, better sentiment, 
better and happier boys and girls. 




5)KETCH -OF-MODeL_- SCHOOL 
MILUE-R-.^.- open, - ARCH1TE-CT5 
JerrcFisori - CiTV- 4 Sprinsticld - r-1 o. 



DESCRIPTION. 

This School Building, planned by Miller & Opel, Architects 
of Jefferson City and Springfield, Missouri, is specially designed for 
rural districts, and can be built of stone, wood or cement, as desired. 
In most rural districts the cost of a frame building will be from 
$1,000.00 to $1,200.00 or $1,400.00, depending on local conditions, 
wage scale, etc., in that locality. The cost of a stone, br-ick or 
cement building will probably be about 20 per cent more. 

It is well to note that this plan contemplates a level site, but 
as this is not always available, the cost given above may be in- 
creased, depending upon the greater or less slope of the site. 

Nor does the above cost include the plumbing and heating, 
which may vary somewhat, depending on the distance from water 
supply, sewer outlet, etc. 

The prices of furnaces are as various as the different kinds 



16 




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17 

manufactured, hence it would not be possible to make a fixed price 
for heating. Either of these may be omitted without changing 
the plan of the building. 

These prices are based on good, substantial construction, as 
outlined below, and the consti^uction may be cheapened without 
damages to the utility of the building. 

The capacity of this building is 48 pupils, and besides the 
cloak rooms and toilets, which have direct outside ventilation, a 
point of no small importance, there is a small ante-room between 
the cloak rooms, provided with ample light and designated manual 
training room, but which can be utilized for storage of school sup- 
plies, and for other purposes, as occasion may require. 

The stationary book case indicated on the plan is a necessity 
in a well ordered school room, and adds greatly to the convenience 
of providing books for the pupils. 

The pressure tanks for operating closets and the heating ap- 
paratus are located in the basement, and the ventilation is so ar- 
ranged that a perfect system of gravity ventilation is secured. 
Cold air ducts are provided so that fresh air can be brought in 
from the outside during the school hours and an interior return is 
used while the building is being heated before school is in session, 
making an interior circulation and reducing the consumption of 
fuel to a minimum. This building can be arranged for an attic 
room if desired. 

Foundation. — The foundation and basement walls may be made 
of brick, stone, concrete or cement blocks, the thickness and 
strength of same depending upon the nature of the superstructure. 
If a frame superstructure is contemplated, an 8" concrete wall or 
9" brick wall, with proper 12"x5" footings for either kind of wall 
will suffice. 

If masonry or cement superstructure is contemplated, a 
heavier foundation must be provided. Ordinarily an 18" wall with 
a 24"x6" footing is ample for this foundation. In all cases the 
footings for foundations should be below frost line, which in this 
locality, is placed at two feet below finished grade lines about the 
building. 

Superstructure Wall. — The superstructure walls may be 12 ft. 
or 14 ft. high outside, but in no case less than 10 ft. high in the 
clear inside. If a good frame house is wanted, the wall should be 
m.ade of 2"x6" studding set 16" on centers, boxed solid with boards 
at an angle of 45 degrees, covered with building paper, and finished 

SB— 2 



18 

with siding or shingles as desired. These frame walls may be of 
2"x4" studding to cheapen the cost if desired. 

If brick are used the walls should be one and a half brick thick 
or what is commonly called a 13" wall. 

If of rough rubble stone, the walls should be not less than 16" 
thick, and should be furred with l"x2" strips inside to receive the 
lath and plaster;, this method will exclude the dampness ordi- 
narily in stone walls, besides making the building warmer. If 
dimension stone is used a thinner wall may be constructed. 

Should a cement block wall be built, it should be made of 
blocks, providing a wall joint between the inside and outside face 
of the wall, parallel with the wall lines, and known to the trade 
as a wall joint. This joint effectually guards against dampness 
and moisture from the outside, as it provides an effectual barrier 
against capillary attraction of moisture from the exterior. Ce- 
ment blocks are made providing for this joint in air spaces, etc., 
but none are so effectual as the wall joint. In the absence of a wall 
joint or of other provision for same in the making of the blocks, 
furring should be used same as for stone wall. 

If an all concrete wall is built, re-inforcing iron wall ties or 
rods should be used, sufficient to guard against cracks in the wall 
caused by shrinkage. All concrete walls as a rule crack from 
shrinkage of material regardless of foundation. This all concrete 
wall need not be thicker than 91/2 " if sufficient reinforcing iron is 
used. This wall also requires the inside furring to guard against 
dampness. 

Floors. — The floor joist should be not less than 2"xl2" set 16" 
on centers, well bridged with three rows of 2"x2" bridging. A re- 
inforcing string piece under the center of the span would be bet- 
ter than the center row of bridging and allow short joist being 
used (provided said string piece be sufficiently strong) . The floor- 
ing proper should be vertical straight grained yellow pine, or Fac- 
tory Maple flooring. In no case should flat grained or poor flooring 
be used. 

Roof. — To make a good roof 2"x6" rafters set 24" 0. C. for 
wood shingles, or 16" 0. C. for slate should be used. 

If a cheaper roof is desired 2"x4" rafters may be used, but must 
have better bracing work than the heavier rafter. 

The wide extension of the roof as indicated is desirable for 
both utility and appearance. Without this wide extension this 
style of building will not look well. This also admits of the omis- 
sion of gutters and spouts if so desired. 



19 

Windoivs. — The windows to the left and rear of the pupils 
should begin about 3'-6" from floor line and extend to within 6" 
of the ceiling. The aggregated window light space should approxi- 
mately equal to 1-6 of the floor area. All windows should be box 
framies with top and bottom sash weighted. When practical the 
principal lighting should be from the north- side of the room and 
left side of the pupil. 

This lighting rule is not absolutely essential in regard to light 
area or direction of it, but experience has proven it the best known 
m.ethod. In houses with other than frame walls, the window casings 
may be omitted inside. 

Doors. — There are several special features about school house 
doors worth mentioning. 

First of all these doors should be strong, well made 2" doors. 
All single swinging doors should open outward. 

The doors leading from school room proper to cloak rooms or 
corridors should be double acting to avoid the slamming noise un- 
avoidable in single swinging doors. 

Black Boards. — The standard black board for school room 
purposes is natural slate, but as this is too expensive for general 
use, artificial or imitation slate is substituted. This can be had in 
either black or green color, and because of the pleasant effect 
green boards are coming into general use. As a rule black boards 
are made 3'-6" high. For the primary pupils the chalk rail should 
be put about 26" from the floor, for the larger pupils 12" higher. 
This rule is not imperative, but simply adds to the convenience in 
using the boards. 

Plaster. — The plaster work should be 2-coat brown work, 
floated to a uniform face and tinted with wall coloring. The green 
or buff shades being most suitable and generally used. 

Finish. — The finish in a school building should be as plain as 
possible, using only enough wood work to hold the sash and doors 
in place. 

In a frame building a very narrow strip casing need be used 
to close the window weight space. In a masonry building the jambs 
are to be plastered back to window frame and casings omitted. In 
either case a plain window stool and apron are required. 

The base in a school room should not exceed 5" in height with 
quarter round nailed to floor only. This base to have a plain bevel 
top edge. A large quarter round only will answer the purpose 
very well. 



20 

Painting. — The paint work should be well done, as nothing 
adds so much to the appearance nor can anything take its place as 
a preserver of wood work. No less than three coats of good lead 
and oil paint should be used outside, and not less than one coat of 
stain and two coats of good interior varnish inside. If the very 
best result for inside work is desired, it can be had by properly 
brush rubbing all the interior varnish work. 

Glazing. — All glass to be D. S. A. glass, and where doors are 
glazed, plate glass will be the most economical. 

Hardware. — This item so generally considered of little im- 
portance is really important. All doors should have three good, 
strong, heavy hinges each, and where double acting spring hinges 
are used, none less than 6" should be considered. 

The door locks should be heavy strong mortise locks, and so 
arranged that entire lot are master keyed, so that Janitor need have 
but one key for all doors in the building. Windows to have lifts 
and locks. Where doors are double acting, push and kick plates 
are essential to the proper preservation of the paint on the doors. 

Plumbing. — The plumbing may or may not be installed. Where 
a city water supply is available and a system of public sewers es- 
tablished, it is a simple and easy problem to have this work in- 
stalled at the least cost, but where pressure tanks are required and 
public sewers not established, the problem is not so simple and 
easy, but it is entirely practical, though more costly than the other 
method. Unless the work can be done in a first class and sanitary 
method, it should be omitted entirely and outside closets provided. 

Heating. — Heating and ventilating a building is an important, 
and as a rule, a difficult problem, and should be worked out (in the 
plans at least) by an expert in this particular line, and not left to 
chance or inexperience, for the result will be bad in most cases. 

Lighting. — As rural schools are often used for school enter-, 
tainments, there should be a provision for lighting same. 

Finally. — The above specification is not intended to fulfill the 
requirements of a building construction specifications, but is ad- 
visory only in its nature and intent, and is available as a general 
guide only. 



21 




A MODEL RURAL SCHOOL HOUSE. 




Rear Ground Class / 

For Flowers, 



yu 



Fire Place 
Ventilator 

Smoke 



TuRNACE 

School Room 23'' 27. 

Front; 

MODEL RURAL SCHOOL HOUSE 2 8'' J 6' 

FLOOR PLAN. 



22 




A GROUP OF CHILDREN STUDYING PLANT GROWING. 



A-DooRTo Girls H(\ll 
B-GooR TO Bovs Hau 

CDOOR TO MftiN HflLL 
Q-MArNUflLTRAirH^C 

E-HflSHBo^L 

L"Lauatory 

M-FlOOrDraii 



nC-V^AT[QGAUC[ 

FP-FoRC!: Pump 
H-HATfR Heater 
N-SoiL Pipe 
CC-COHCRETE 

R-SiPHoiN 
5- Seher 




Sn-STAIRnflY 

5F- Smoke Flue 
HB-noRK Bthc;- 
5B- STor<E-OR Brick 
VF-Ventilatimc Fl.u£. 



SECTIONAL VIEW. 



23 



A MODEL RURAL SCHOOL HOUSE ON CAMPUS OF STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, 
KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURL 

This model rural school house has been designed and con- 
structed to show that a rural school in any part of Missouri can, 
for the investment of about $350.00 in addition to the ordinary 
cost of a good building, have all the conveniences and comforts 
that can be secured in any city school building of the State. 

1. The front view of the rural school building. 

2. The floor plans, 

3. A group of children in connection with some simple exer- 
cises in plant growing. 

4. Sectional view. 

FOUNDATION. 

1. The foundation is rectangular in form and 28x36 feet in 
size, outside measurement. 

2. The outer foundation is a nine-inch concrete wall extending 
about two feet below the surface of the ground and about two feet 
above. 

3. There is an inner wall enclosing the cellar, which' is about 
6x14 feet. 

4. The cellar wall is of concrete about 12 inches thick. The 
floor is of concrete. 

5. Between the cellar wall and outer wall, as may be seen, is 
an ample air chamber. This arrangement prevents possibility of 
damage from freezing, 

6. The cellar is reached through a trap door in hallway lead- 
ing to boys' toilet room. It contains the following : 

(a) Pneumatic pressure tank, 3x8 ft., with capacity of about 
350 gallons, with good pressure. 

(b) The force pump connected with tank, also with well 
through underground pipes. 

(c) Soil pipes, water pipes and drain pipes reaching to and 
from toilet rooms above. 

(d) Connections with sewer. 

Note: This sewer runs into city sewer system. In a rural community it would neces- 
sarily run into a cess pool or other similar place at rear of school ground. 



24 



FLOOR FLAN — ^DESCRIPTION. 

1. The floor plan is 28x36 ft., the same as foundation plan. 

2. The school room is 27 ft., 2 inches, by 21 ft. 6 inches — 12 
ft. from floor to ceiling. 

3. School room lighted through six large windows on north 
side. Children face the east. Light comes from left. Blackboards 
at front and rear. 

4. Door at rear on right side leads to girls' toilet room and 
to girl's outer door, porch and play ground. Cloak hooks in hall. 

5. Furnace occupies alcove on right side of school room. 
Smoke flue is 13x13 inches in the clear and helps heat ventilating 
flue. The latter is 13x21 inches in the clear. Opening to ventilat- 
ing flue is made into a neat fire place. 

6. Cupboard at side of ventilating flue reaches from floor to 
ceiling and has a neat unfolding leaf for teacher's writing desk. 

7. Manual training shop is 6x8 ft., in the clear and has 
abundant light. 

8. Fuel room in southeast corner contain six tons of coal. 
Stairway ta attic starts in corner of manual training room. It 
passes over coal room and main entrance. 

9. Direct sunlight strikes the floor of schoolroom at 10 o'clock 
and 2 o'clock through glass in doors and at 4 o'clock through ground 
glass window. 

10. Notice the ground glass window on west side at north- 
west corner for window garden. Ground glass prevents glaring- 
light and yet gives benefit of chemical rays for flowers and for 
sanitary purposes. 

11. Toilet rooms have hot water pressure tanks connected 
with furnace and with basement tank by gas pipe. They have 
cement floors and sides, being watertight, with drains in floors. 

12. Notice wash bowls and toilet bowls. 

13. Toilet rooms are separated from each other and from 
other rooms by double walls containing air chambers to deaden 
sound. 

14. Through a small plate glass in middle of each toilet room 
floor direct sunlight reaches basement. 

15. Every room of this school house has direct sunlight; but 
children's eyes are protected and the children study by an abun- 
dance of mild light from the north. 

16. This school house is built upon the popular rectangular 
foundation, but foundation is about two feet wider than usual. 



25 

17. Appearance of undue width is overcome by form of roof. 

18. Flue may seem a little low. It is yet to have a six inch 
concrete top. 

This school house is in all respects built out of the best availa- 
ble material and in the best possible way. It was not built by con- 
tract. The Regents authorized the President of the school to pur- 
chase material, employ laborers and build. Cost can therefore be 
given in detail. By using ordinary material and ordinary skill in 
the construction such a school house as this can be built in most 
of the rural districts of Missouri for $1,200.00. 



MODEL RURAL SCHOOL HOUSE ON GROUNDS OF ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION 

(1904) 

SPECIFICATIONS. 

Specifications of the labor and materials required in the erec- 
tion of a "Model Rural School House," to be built for school dis- 
trict No. , in the county of , State of Missouri, accord- 
ing to plans furnished by the Missouri State Commission. 

DRAWINGS AND GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The several drawings herein referred to, are as follows and 
consist of: 

Plan of foundation and basement. 

Plan of floor arrangement. 

Plan of roof. 

Transverse section. 

Longitudinal section. 

Front and side elevations. 

The several drawings must be carefully followed according to 
scale, and all notes, figures and explanations wherever they appear 
upon the drawings, must be carefully followed, as they, with the 
drawings and specifications, are all part of the contract. 

The contractor shall make no alterations in the drawings or 
specifications. The contractor shall furnish all labor and material's, 
scaffoldings, etc., and everything needful for the completion of 
the work. Should the contractor introduce any materials or work- 
manship other than the kind specified, it shall be removed at his 
expense at any time during the progress of the work. All work 
must be executed in a good, substantial and workmanlike manner, 



2C 




27 

and nothing to be omitted which is necessarily connected with the 
proper completion of the work, 

E xcavations. -^Do all necessary excavating required for the 
basement and all piers or other foundations, as shown and re- 
quired by the drawings. 

All heights must be taken from a grade stake. 

Dig the banks in excavating 6" beyond outside line of stone 
walls. 

Grading . — Fill in around and pack the earth against the walls 
after the mortar is dry, and level it off as directed by superin- 
tendent. 




Footings. — Lay down footings under all the walls of the build- 
ing of flat, well bedded stone not less than 8" thick and to pro- 
ject 4" on each side of the walls above. This footing course shall 
be composed of large stones, fitted close together, each filling the 
course in width and -height. 

Joints shall be flushed with spawls and cement mortar. 
■Foundations. — Properly lay up foundation and basement walls 



28 

16" in thickness, with good, flat building stone, laid on their natural 
bed, and well bonded, laid in clean, sharp sand and Fort Scott 
Cement mortar, in parts of one of cement to two of sand, laid to a 
line on both faces and properly flushed and pointed at completion. 
Lay down in like manner substantial foundations under the chim- 
ney, porch piers and exterior steps. 

Underpinning. — From the top of foundation walls at grade 
level, lay the underpinning up in height, as shown by the drawings, 
with two courses of 8" lime stone range pitch faced, laid to a line, 
with close joints, and to be pointed at completion with raised 
joint of Portland cement mortar. 




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The window sills shall be of lime stone properly cut and set in 
place where shown on foundation plan. 

Chimney. — Build the chimney to correspond with the draw- 
ings, using hard burned brick laid in lime mortar, as per size fig- 
ured on drawings. Flue to be perfectly straight and true, and uni- 
form in size throughout and made smooth, with cut joints on the 



29 

inside. Top out above the roof with select red brick, laid in white 
mortar and properly cleaned down on completion. 

Furnish and set in the brick work of flue for furnace smoke 
pipe an 8" black iron thimble. The smoke pipe from furnace shall 
be made of No. 14 stack steel, properly supported and anchored in 
place. 

Lathing. — All walls, partitions and ceilings throughout the 
building shall be lathed with No. 1 white pine laths, full thickness, 
laid on a quarter of an inch apart, with 4 nailings to each lath, 
joints broken every 12". Under no circumstances must the laths 
stop and form long vertical joints, neither permit any laths to run 
through partitions behind the studding from one room to another. 
All angles must be thoroughly spiked together before lathing. 

Plastering. — All walls, partitions and ceilings throughout the 
building shall be plastered with Aggatite or Acme Cement Plaster 
mixed according to given directions, and properly put on and 
applied with sufficient force to secure strong clinches. 

Level up and float the brown coat and make it true and 
straight at all points, angles and openings. All corners and angles 
shall be made perfectly straight and true, and finished in a work- 
manlike manner. All lathing and plastering shall extend down to 
the floor. All walls shall be straight and plumb and even with the 
grounds. 

Leave all the floors broom clean ; do all the necessary mending 
and patching after the workmen, and leave everything in a perfect 
state. 

Timber. — The whole of the timber used in and throughout 
this building shall be well seasoned and free from shakes, knots, or 
other imperfections impairing its strength and durability. 

Dimension stuff for joints, studs, rafters, etc., shall be No. 2 
yellow pine. All exterior finish lumber for cornices, casings, base 
and other finish shall be of white pine, "C" select. 

Framing. — Timber must be prepared and framed according to 
the plans, sections and details. All joists shall be placed with the 
crowning edge upwards. The figuring of heights of stories on the 
sectional drawing and figures on plans for interior work, are for 
the dimensions in the clear. All joists shall be spiked together at 
ends and to each other where they come together, and to all bear- 
ings. 

Bridging. — Bridge the floor joists through the center of each 
room with two rows of l"x3" stuff properly cut in between the joists 
and nailed at each end with two 8*^ nails. 



30 

Headers and Trimmers.— AW headers and trimmers shall be 
properly framed and spiked together, leaving all openings of suf- 
ficient size for the finish of stairs, chimney, etc. 

Size of Timbers.— ^\\\% shall be framedas shown by the draw- 
ings with 2x8 inch plate below, outside member 2x10 inch, and 




issouRi State Commissi 



2x6 inch plate on top. Floor joists shall be 2x10 inch, placed 16" 
from centers, ceiling joists 2x10, placed 16" from centers ; partitions 
and other studding will be 2x6, placed 16" on centers. Corner posts 
built of two pieces of 2x6, with a 2x8 between, thoroughly spiked 
together, roof rafters to be 2x6, 16" from centers, wall plates 2x6 
double thickness, porch sills to be 4x6 and properly framed into 



31 

main sills, porch joists 2x6, 16" from centers, porch rafters and 
ceiling joists 2x6-16" centers, porch plates, posts, etc., to be made 
according to the general drawings. All door studs shall be set 
double. All openings over three feet in width shall have double 
headers and thoroughly trussed overhead. All angles shall be 
framed solid by spiking studs together. Porch to be ceiled over- 
head with %" yellow pine ceiling. 

Exterior Frame Work. — Cover the frame of the building with 
No. 2 yellow pine, ship lap boards not over 10" in width, nailing 
through each edge into every bearing, these boards to be placed 
horizontally on the frame. 

Siding. — Shall be "C" select white pine, 6" wide, with 41/2" 
exposed to the weather. All joints shall be closely fitted against 
corner boards, casings, etc., and nailed to the walls with 6'^^ wire 
nails. 

Corner Boards. — Cornice, bands, corner boards, water tables, 
etc., will be made as shown by elevations and sections. 

Roofing. — The carpenter shall frame and construct the roof 
according to the drawings, in a thorough manner. The rafters 
shall project the walls as shown for cornices and gutters. 

The gutters shall be graded on the inside so as to throw the 
water to the points indicated for the location of the down spouts. 

For shingling; put on horizontally, %" yellow pine strips 7" 
from centers, joints broken and nailed to each bearing with 10*^ 
nails. 

Shingles. — Shingles shall be put on in the best manner, prop- 
erly laid, joints broken and nailed with two 3*^^ coarse cut nails, to 
stand away from all angles and valleys the proper distance. These 
shingles shall be of the best quality red cedar, six to 2", and laid 
41/2" to the weather. Ridges shall be covered with 1x6 white pine 
boards nailed with 10*^ nails. 

Window Frames. — All window frames for insertion in the 
woodwork shall be made with the outside casing 1x41/2", and pulley 
stiles %" thick, properly housed at the head and sills and to have 
%" sub sill, bottom sills to be made of 2"x8" white pine. All frames 
shall have parting strips and blind stops set back the proper dis- 
stance for outside blinds. All frames shall have 2" lathe turned sash 
pulleys, bronze face, pockets for sash weights. Single sash in 
basement shall have three-inch steel butts and proper fasteners, 
Transoms shall be as shown on drawings. All sash shall be 1%" 
in thickness. The basement frames shall be made of 2x10 clear 
white oak. 



32 

Inside Work. — The carpenter must run the flooring closely 
around all the walls, completely closing all spaces. 

Grounds. — Put on grounds for finish of all doors before the 
plasterer. All these grounds shall be set perfectly straight, plumb 
and true to a line, and for lath work, not to exceed %" in thickness. 

Flooring. — Floor shall be laid with 1x4" Star yellow pine, 
secret nailed to every joist, well driven together and laid close to 
the wall. All flooring shall be tongued and grooved, carefully laid 
with joints broken. 

Finish. — All inside finish will be made of- strictly clear, well 
seasoned yellow pine. All doors that are marked for glass in 



. Hc/rjr,,,, f,^e. 




"1 




upper panels will be glazed with D. S. A. glass. All transoms will 
be glazed with D. S. A. glass and hung at the top with 2"x2" brass 
butts and provided with a Wollensack Patent Transom Lifter. 

Black Boards. — Furnish and set in place where shown No. 1 
slate black boards four feet in height and finished with 2" lip 
mould on top and 4" chalk mould below. 

Size of Doors. — Shall be as marked on floor plans for width, 
height and thickness. Hang all doors throughout with loose joint, 
bronze plate butts Sy^'x^i^". "Front door shall have three butts 
4l/2"x4i/o". 



33 

Locks. — The main entrance door shall have 5" mortise bronze 
faced locks with two keys. All other doors shall have 3i/^"x3V2" 
mortise locks. 

Sash and Windows. — All windows shall be cased to correspond 
with the doors, and finished with a rebated and moulded stool and 
apron worked and moulded as shown. Sash shall be of the best 
clear white pine with apron mould sash bar and weather lipped 
meeting rails. All sash shall be 1%" in thickness. 

Every double hung window in the building shall have an Ives 
patent burglar proof sash lock on meeting rails, with bronze finish. 
Also provide a bronze bar handle lift for each window. 




Glass. — All glass throughout the building, except as otherwise 
specified, shall be D. S. A. glass, well bedded, tacked and puttied. 

Stairway. — Shall be built where shown on the floor plans in the 
best and most substantial manner, and shall be supported on rough 
carriages, cut from 2"xl2" joists. Stairs shall have ly^" treads 
and treads shall have nosing on front edge, and be provided with 
2" side hand rails. 

S B-3 



34 

Toilet Rooms.— ShaW be fitted up with clear yellow pine, wain- 
scot 4 feet high, with %" V. P. beaded ceiling and finished with 
2^/2" lip mould, qr. round. Also put up four strong heavy coat hooks 
as directed. 

Eun wainscoting behind water closets. The school room and 
vestibule shall be wainscoted as shown by the section and finished 
in the same manner as specified for other wainscoting except that 
under black boards, where chalk rail shall take the place of 
moulding. 




Angle Beads. — Shall be placed on all corners as required to 
protect the angles of plastered walls, to be 3' 6" in length, and IVs" 
in diameter, and have ornamented turned heads. 

Painting. — Furnish all materials and perform all labor for the 
full completion and proper painting of the building, cover all sap 
or knots in the exterior wood work, with a coat of strong shellac 
before priming; putty up all wood work smoothly before applying 
the last coat. On the outside work use for priming coat a mixture 



35 



of one part of white lead and two parts of ochre ground in oil, 
mixed with pure boiled linseed oil. 

Exterior. — Paint the exterior wood work with three coats, the 
second and last coats to be pure white lead and boiled linseed oil, 
the lead to be used for this work must be of the best quality, strictly 
pure Collier's white lead and boiled linseed oil. 

The colors shall be selected by the superintendent. Paint all 
the tin work with two coats of mineral roofing paint, the down 
spouts to be finished with trimming color same as used on the 
building. 




Interior. — All the interior wood work must be thoroughly 
cleaned off and filled with Weeler's Patent Mineral Filler, by rub- 
bing thoroughly into the pores and wiping off. while wet. 

Finish the wood work with two coats of Berry Bros. Hard Oil. 

The painter must see that all wood work is perfectly clean 
before filling. Putty all nail heads and other defects, using care 
to thoroughly match the putty in color with the wood work and to 
sandpaper smooth and prepare all woodwork before applying the 
second coat. The painter shall see that all spots are cleaned off 
the walls and glass, and leave everything in a perfect and finished 
state. 



36 



Gutters and Valleys. — For the gutters, valleys and down spouts 
and chimney caps use No. 26 galvanized iron and run the iron under 
the shingles at least 6". The gutter shall be riveted and soldered, 
and held in place with proper stays. Down spouts shall be put up 
where indicated on plans, with all the necessary curves to bring 
the water to grade level, and there connect into the drain pipe. 

All joints shall be lapped, riveted and soldered tightly together. 

Down spouts shall be thoroughly secured to the building, the 
sizes of leaders to be 3". Valleys to be flashed and counter flashed 
in a thorough manner. Also furnish all the other flashing ready 
painted for the use of the carpenter to enable him to make all parts 
of porch and windows thoroughly water tight. 




Plumhing. — Burton's System Domestic Water Works, Fair- 
banks, Morse & Co., St. Louis, Mo., furnish all materials and per- 
form all labor necessary for the putting up and completing system 
of domestic water works, and all the plumbing work in a good and 
thorough workmanlike manner, according to the drawings and these 
specifications. All cutting for the pipes will be done by the car- 
penter. All horizontal and vertical pipe connections to be made' 
with iron hooks, braces or hangers. All cast iron pipes shall be 
properly supported and secured and all joints calked with oakum 
and moulten lead. 



37 



All water pipes must be put up on 1" stripping, prepared by 
the carpenter, and all be put up so that they can be got at at any 
time for examination. The sewer connection will be made as shown 
on foundation plan, and must have all joints cemented together. 
The pipe must have a fall of at least 14" to the foot. 

All down spouts shall be connected into the cistern as shown. 

Cast Iron Soil and Waste Pipe. — Connect the drain with 4" 
cast iron pipe continue up through the partition to toilet room and 
out through the roof, place a running trap in the main soil at the 
inside of the cellar wall, where it can be got at at any time to clean 
out. 




Water Supply. — Shall be taken from cistern or well near build- 



ing. 



When pump and pneumatic tank are in cellar run 1^" galva- 
nized iron pipe from pump to cistern with foot valve on lower end. 
This pipe must be laid lower than freezing point. • From the pump 
connect the pressure tank as shown. From the pressure tank run 
%" supply pipe to each fixture, as shown on plans. Leave out all 
necessary branches for the different works and place a %" round 
lever handle stop and waste cock in cellar to shut off when neces- 
sary. Care must be taken in grading this and all other pipes so 
that when water is turned off they will be drained perfectly dry. 



38 

Pressure Tank. — Place near cellar (or at some other conveni- 
ent place selected by the superintendent) a 220 gal. wrought steel 
tank. Connections shall be made from bottom of tank. 

Pump. — Place in cistern where shown, or in basement, a force 
pump properly connected with cistern and pressure tank, place 
swinging check valve in pipe between the pump and tank. Provide 
all necessary shut-off and waste cocks so that all pipes may be 
drained. 

Urinals. — Furnish and set in place in the boys' toilet room a 3" 
flushing rim urinal, enameled, supported on painted iron brackets, 
perforated brass flush pipes, on trap standard brass vent and 
clean-out plug all complete, automatic copper lined oak tank. Fur- 
nish all fixtures, fittings, cocks, traps and pipes of every description 
to make the job complete in every respect. 

Wash Basins. — Shall be white enameled iron, supplied with 
water through lead pipe, basin to be wasted into nearest soil pipe, 
to have 1/2" nickel plated bibs, lever handle, slabs to be counter sunk 
with moulded edges, and to have 7" moulded back. 

Water Closets. — In toilet rooms shall be provided and located 
as shown, and have trap made of porcelain in one piece with the 
closet. Closets shall have a shut-off cock in the supply to control 
water to same. All pipes extending above roof must be thoroughly 
Hashed with sheet lead. 

Bibs. — All bibs throughout the building shall be the very best 
quality nickel plated. All cut-off and waste cocks shall be of brass. 

Furnace. — Furnish and set in place in basement where shown a 
No. 10 Floral City Hot Air Furnace. Smoke pipe shall be of No. 14 
sheet steel and extend from furnace to top of chimney as shown. 
All hot air pipes shall be made of a good quality of tin, properly 
connected and supported, and be of the various sizes required for 
each room to be heated, and each shall have a regulating damper. 

All pipes shall be run where shown on plans, with all the neces- 
sary angles, bends and other connections. Furnish and set in school 
room registers of the required sizes for warm air, and also for 
foul air. All pipes must be thoroughly secured in place and every- 
thing furnished complete in every respect, including full set of 
firing tools. 

The fresh air pipe shall be made of galvanized iron and con- 
nected with small opening in foundation wall, with wire screen over 
the opening. 

The force pump and air pressure tank may both be placed in 



39 



the basement and connected with well or cistern by underground 
pipes. 

If the air pressure tank is not placed in the basement, it should 
be buried deep enough to avoid any danger from freezing. 



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DESCRIPTION . 

Plan A represents a typical rural one-room school building as 
it is commonly built, while the plan on the right indicates the 
manner in which the same building, with a very small additional 
cost, may be converted into a modern one-room school building with 



40 



a modern system of heating and ventilation, and with plumbing 
arranged in the building. In the remodeled plan it will be noticed 
that there are separate cloak rooms for the boys and girls, and 
opening off of. each of the cloak rooms are their toilet rooms with 
direct outside light. Just to the left of the school room heater will 
be seen the fresh air intake, which takes the fresh air just under the 
cornice and carries it down below and up around the heater, ex- 
hausting it into the room about 8 or 9 ft. above the floor line. This 
pure warm air immediately rises to the ceiling, and if there were 
no arrangements to bring it down, would stay there, but by means 
of the vent flue seen just to the right of the heater the air. is drawn 
off of the floor level, thus creating a vacuum at the floor line and 
pulling the warm air down from the ceiling. This makes a con- 
tinuous circulation of pure warm air in the school building. The 
smoke flue is immediately back of the vent flue, and the heat from 
the heater smoke pipe warms the walls of the flues, thus accelerat- 
ing the draft in the vent flue. The coal bin is in one corner of the 
building, and is so arranged that the fuel can be put in it from the 
outside and taken out from the inside. The school room is supplied 
with a book case, closet for the teacher's wraps, and the lower por- 
tion of this case could be used for supplies. It will be noticed that 
the old building has been turned one-fourth of the way around, and 
the windows on one side left in with three additional windows cut 
in between, thus giving us the modern system of lighting from one 
side only. 




Perspective A is a perspective of the exterior of the building 
before the same has been remodeled, and as ordinarily built. When 
remodeled it will have very much the appearance of perspective B 1. 



41 



J. M rE 1_T, /M?CM ITfTCT 




^^ ^t5-BI.'ILD'IHG.= 



Plan B shows a one-room school building laid out along modern 
lines, and is given as a suggestion for an entirely new one-room 
school building. It will be noticed, first, that there are separate 
entrances for the boys and girls. Opening off of each vestibule is 
a cloak room and toilet room, thus completely separating the sexes. 
There is a built-in book case with spaces for storage of supplies 
below, and also a receptacle for the coal scuttle, so it can be set out 
of the way and not be kicked about the room. In front of the 
pupils, and in front of the teacher is a conservatory, with ample 
glass surface, for flov\^ers and plants. The fuel room is so arranged 
that the fuel can be put in from the rear of the building, and by 
means of slats on the inside the coal can be taken out at the bottom, 
and thus prevented from, scattering about the room. The school 
room proper is 23'x30', and seats 48 pupils in single desks with 
ample aisle space between and all around the desks. The light is 
brought from the left of the pupils only, the windows being set 
within about 6" of the ceiling. The heater is set in a brick recepta- 



42 

cle, and immediately back of it is the smoke flue and vent flue. The 
air intake marked j ust to the left of this flue is supplied with fresh 
air through the circular lower windows in the gables, thus insuring 
pure air at all times. It is taken down under the heater and ex- 
hausted directly across the room towards the cooling surface, which 
is the windows, and by means of the vent flue the lower strata of 
air is constantly being taken out at the floor line and exhausted out 
above the roof, thus causing the pure warm air to descend equally 
all over the room. It will be noticed that the toilet rooms have out- 
side windows opening directly into them, and that one waste and 
supply pipe will do for both toilets. One great advantage of this 
arrangement, in addition to separate entrances for the sexes, is 
the fact that there is but one exposure of the school room to the 
weather, and that is on the rear where the light is brought in, as the 
cloak rooms, vestibules, etc., protect the school room on three sides. 
This will make the room very much easier to heat in severe weather 
and effect a very great saving in fuel. The stairway opening into 
the boys' vestibule goes down to a small basement which contains 
the compressed air tank which furnishes the water supply for the 
plumbing. Should it be desired to have a small manual training 
room, it could be easily accomplished by lengthening the building, 
thus enlarging the cloak rooms, one of which could then be used 
as a manual training room, and the other one divided and used for 
the two cloak rooms. Whether this building is built of brick or 
wood, the heater should be set as shown by the plan, in a brick 
receptacle, which very much lessens the danger of fire. 



43 




III ' 1 1 r i I r i ' i 

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Perspective Bl shows this building as it would appear if built 
of wood with stone foundations, while perspective B2 is of the rear 
of the building showing the manner of banking the windows so that 
there will be no heavy jambs between them to cast shadows and 
shut out the light. 



44 



PL/AM OI^/^ TWOfSODM 
SCHOOL BUILPIHS. 














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J jfi Fej_t3,Architect 



Plan C is of a two-room school building, without basement, 
having the plumbing all on t^e first floor, and with the same system 
of ventilation and heat as designed in Plan B. If this building is 
built of frame, the entire rear portion which contains the heater, 
fuel room and fresh air intake, should be of brick. This portion 
need only be carried well above the top of the heater and the smoke 
and vent flues continued on above the roof. 



45 



-J.H.rE-LT /\-p:cHiT&c-r 
K./ArHsAsciTy. 







Plan D is of a two or four-room school building designed to be 
built of brick, but of course can be built of frame just as well. In 
the basement are the furnace, fuel room, janitor's room and boys' 
and girls' toilet. It will be noticed that there are separate stair- 
ways leading to the different toilet rooms. On the first floor are 
two school rooms, with cloak rooms, book cases and teachers' closets. 
On the second floor are two school rooms and a principal's office. 



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47 





Perspective Dl shows this building as it will appear if carried 
out as a two-room school building, while perspective D2 shows the 
building as it would appear if built as a four-room building. 

In this building it will be noticed that the furnace is placed in 



48 



the basement and the heat is carried to the rooms through brick 
flues which have ample capacity to supply each pupil with 1800 cu. 
ft. of pure warm air per hour, or in other words, so designed as to 
completely change the air in the room from four to six times per 
hour. 



J.M.rEi-X. ARCNT 
K>^^JS/^5CITY. 




Pj_/\r--( O r' y^ F'OUB COOM SCMOOjU 



The description given for plan D also applies to plan E, this 
plan being given to show the manner of arranging a building where 
it is desired to throw the two school rooms on the upper floor to- 
gether, which would give an assembly room 32'x46', with principal's 
office and cloak rooms in addition. 



49 




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50 




TlRST TT,OOT3. 





029 502 



